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The anatomy of memory: an interactive overview of the parahippocampal-hippocampal network. The episodic memory system: neurocircuitry and disorders. Hippocampal-anterior thalamic pathways for memory: uncovering a network of direct and indirect actions. The hippocampus and memory: insights from spatial processing. We describe results from imaging and epidemiological studies that have shed light on the functional anatomy and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these conditions.īird, C. Here, we summarize clinically relevant aspects of transient amnesic syndromes, giving practical recommendations for diagnosis and patient management. Moreover, TEA carries a risk of persistent memory impairment that can be mistaken for dementia. Some cases of transient amnesia are attributable to focal seizure activity and are termed TEA, which has a clinical presentation similar to that of TGA, but can be distinguished from the latter by the brevity and frequency of amnesic attacks. TGA is characterized by the sudden onset of a profound anterograde and retrograde amnesia that lasts for up to 24 h, with neuroimaging after an acute TGA event showing transient perturbation of specific hippocampal circuits that are involved in memory processing. Critical clinical distinctions, such as between transient global amnesia (TGA) and transient epileptic amnesia (TEA), as well as important clues to the underlying pathophysiology, have recently been revealed. Diagnosis of such syndromes can be challenging, and their causes have been debated for over 50 years. Transient amnesic syndromes are striking clinical phenomena that are commonly encountered by physicians in acute medical settings.
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